TOEFL Root Course

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60 high-yield roots behind TOEFL academic vocabulary. Learn the system, not the list.

72 lessons
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TOEFL reading passages pull their vocabulary from academic English — geology, biology, astronomy, history. That vocabulary is not random: most of it is built from a compact set of Latin and Greek roots. Structure, construct, and instructor are one root wearing three disguises.

This course covers the 60 roots with the highest TOEFL-word density in our database, organized into 12 themed units. Every lesson teaches one root through its real TOEFL words, then trains the skill the reading section actually tests: inferring an unfamiliar word's meaning from its parts. Each lesson ends with a quiz that retries your misses until you get everything right, and every unit closes with a review that contrasts easily-confused roots.

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Course outline

Unit 1

Stand & Build

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Five roots that put things in place: st (stand), pos (put), sit (site, situate), struct (build), form (shape). They anchor the vocabulary of institutions, structures, and positions — the backbone of TOEFL academic prose.

  1. ststand, set, place8 focus words
  2. posplace, put, set8 focus words
  3. sitsit, settle, be placed8 focus words
  4. structbuild, construct, arrange7 focus words
  5. formform, shape, appearance8 focus words
  6. Unit review
Unit 2

Seeing & Sensing

How English perceives: vis (see), sp (look, watch), sent (feel), path (feeling, suffering), tact (touch). From visible evidence to tangible results — the senses run through scientific description.

  1. vissee, look8 focus words
  2. splook, observe, watch8 focus words
  3. sentfeel, perceive, be aware8 focus words
  4. pathfeel, suffer, experience; (in compounds) disease8 focus words
  5. tacttouch8 focus words
  6. Unit review
Unit 3

Words & Records

The roots of communication and scholarship: dic (say), voc (voice, call), log (word, study), graph (write), lect (choose, read). Every -logy discipline and every -graph record starts here.

  1. dicsay, speak, declare; point out8 focus words
  2. vocvoice, call8 focus words
  3. logword, speech, reason; study of8 focus words
  4. graphwrite, writing, record8 focus words
  5. lectchoose, pick, read, gather8 focus words
  6. Unit review
Unit 4

Coming & Going

Five ways English moves: ced (go, yield), gress (step), ven (come), it (go), mov (move). Processes proceed, species migrate, revolutions progress — motion roots drive the language of change.

  1. cedgo, yield, move8 focus words
  2. gressto step, walk, go8 focus words
  3. vencome, arrive8 focus words
  4. itto go, to walk8 focus words
  5. movmove8 focus words
  6. Unit review
Unit 5

Carry & Send

Transport roots: fer (carry), miss (send), tra (pull, drag), ject (throw), car (run, cart). Data gets transferred, signals transmitted, theories projected — the delivery system of academic English.

  1. fercarry, bear, bring8 focus words
  2. misssend, let go8 focus words
  3. trapull, drag, draw8 focus words
  4. jectthrow, cast8 focus words
  5. carrun, flow; chariot, wheeled cart; carry8 focus words
  6. Unit review
Unit 6

Take, Hold & Share

Possession and exchange: cap (take, seize), tain (hold), serv (keep, serve), dit (give), part (part, divide). Capacity, maintain, preserve, tradition, particle — holding words hold the curriculum together.

  1. captake, seize, hold8 focus words
  2. tainhold, keep8 focus words
  3. servserve; keep, guard, watch over7 focus words
  4. ditgive8 focus words
  5. partpart, divide, share8 focus words
  6. Unit review
Unit 7

Fold, Stretch & Press

Forces and shapes: vers (turn), plic (fold), tend (stretch), strain (bind, tighten), press (press). Diverse, complicated, extend, constraint, compress — the physics of academic vocabulary.

  1. versturn8 focus words
  2. plicfold, bend, layer8 focus words
  3. tendstretch, extend8 focus words
  4. straindraw tight, bind8 focus words
  5. presspress, squeeze8 focus words
  6. Unit review
Unit 8

Drive & Create

The productive engines: fac (make, do), gen (birth, produce), duc (lead), pel (push, drive), act (do, drive). Factors, genes, conduction, propulsion, reactions — how things get made and moved.

  1. facmake, do8 focus words
  2. genbirth, produce, kind8 focus words
  3. duclead, conduct, guide8 focus words
  4. pelpush, drive8 focus words
  5. actdo, act, drive8 focus words
  6. Unit review
Unit 9

Amount & Degree

Measuring roots: minu (small, lessen), val (worth, strength), sim (same, like), ple (fill), vac (empty). Diminish vs. amplify, valid vs. void, similar vs. simulate — the scales TOEFL passages weigh things on.

  1. minusmall, less, diminish8 focus words
  2. valstrong, worth, value8 focus words
  3. simlike, same, similar8 focus words
  4. plefill, full8 focus words
  5. vacempty8 focus words
  6. Unit review
Unit 10

Seek & Settle

From pursuit to closure: pet (seek, strive), pend (hang, weigh), fin (end, limit), clud (close), stinct (prick, mark off). Compete, depend, define, conclude, distinct — the arc of every research paper.

  1. petseek, aim, strive8 focus words
  2. pendweigh, pay out, spend, hang8 focus words
  3. finend, limit, boundary8 focus words
  4. cludclose, shut, exclude8 focus words
  5. stinctprick, goad; quench, put out8 focus words
  6. Unit review
Unit 11

Life & Home

Living roots: viv (live), spir (breathe), hum (earth, ground), dom (house, master), medi (middle). Survive, respiration, humidity, domestic, intermediate — biology and geography lean on them constantly.

  1. vivlive, life8 focus words
  2. spirbreathe, spirit8 focus words
  3. humearth, ground, low; (extended) human; moist8 focus words
  4. domhouse, master, rule, tame8 focus words
  5. medimiddle; heal8 focus words
  6. Unit review
Unit 12

Nature in Motion

The science unit: flu (flow), vol (roll, turn; will), circ (circle), solv (loosen, dissolve), aster (star). Fluid dynamics, evolution, circulation, solubility, astronomy — TOEFL's favorite topics, root by root.

  1. fluflow; pour8 focus words
  2. volroll, turn (volvere); will, wish (velle)8 focus words
  3. circcircle, ring, around8 focus words
  4. solvloosen, release, dissolve8 focus words
  5. asterstar; heavenly body8 focus words
  6. Unit review