TOEFL Vocabulary

To come before in time, order, or rank

A three-sided polygon; a triangular percussion instrument

A piece of armour for protection; to protect from harm

A strong ambition or desire to achieve something

Providing or obtaining funds for a business or project

Having a tendency or preference; slanted at an angle

A replacement for someone or something; to use in place of another

The act of overseeing and directing others' work

A silvery-white metallic chemical element (Ca) essential for bones and teeth

A woven or manufactured fabric; relating to cloth-making

A past event used as a guide for future situations; occurring before

Lasting or existing forever; without end

A formal criminal charge; a strong condemnation

A crash between two or more objects; a conflict

To confirm or prove the truth or accuracy of something

To include within a scope; to surround completely

A group of families with a common ancestor; a close-knit group

The conduct of international relations; tact in dealing with people

A small dissenting group within a larger organization

Extremely large in size or extent

Playing a key role in achieving something; a piece of music without vocals

Having no practical use or benefit; ineffective

The process of producing offspring; making or being a copy

The hard outer layer of bread or food; any hard outer surface

A sudden intake of breath from shock; to breathe in suddenly or with difficulty

A period of one thousand years; a thousandth anniversary

Not awake or aware; done without intention; the unconscious mind

Closeness and openness between people; a close personal relationship

To redirect to a different course; to distract or entertain

Showing careful thought; considerate of others

A climbing or creeping plant; grapevine

Greatly surprised and disturbed by something unexpected

A system of methods used in a particular field; the study of such methods

Not taking action; accepting without resistance; the grammatical passive voice

A shocking or offensive act; strong indignation; to cause moral shock or anger

Exclusive control of a market or resource by one party

A strong feeling of affection; something attached to something else

To officially call someone to appear; to gather or muster courage or strength

Not required; left to personal choice

To hang or swing loosely

A variety of animal or plant; to reproduce or raise animals

A safe or peaceful place; a sheltered harbour

The ability to move or be moved freely

A sudden sharp movement; to move with a sharp tug; an obnoxious person

Rivalling or conflicting with each other

To cry and shed tears from emotion; a bout of crying

An oxide containing two oxygen atoms per molecule

To state or confirm something positively; to support or uphold