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The act of refraining; a decision not to vote

Characterized by self-restraint and abstinence

The practice of refraining from food, alcohol, or other desires

Refraining from indulging in food, drink, or other appetites

The renunciation of one's religion or deeply held beliefs

To renounce one's former religious faith or beliefs

A formal agreement to stop fighting; a ceasefire

To seize someone by legal authority; to stop a process

To help someone; a helpful action or sports assist; 帮助，协助；助攻

Help or support given to someone; 帮助，援助

A person who helps someone else in their work; having a supporting role

Behind the stage; out of public view; the area where performers prepare

The framework that supports a bed

A shop where books are sold

A person present at an event who does not participate; an onlooker

A condition or fact related to an event; one's situation

Based on circumstances; (of evidence) indirect, based on inference

Based on circumstances; indirectly

To exist together at the same time or in the same place

The state of existing together, especially peacefully

Existing at the same time or place as something else

Existing together at the same time or place

Always the same; in agreement with something

In a reliable and uniform manner; always

Steadiness, faithfulness, and resistance to change

Unchanging or persistent (adj.); a fixed value in mathematics (n.)

Continuously and without interruption

A component part of a whole; a voter represented by an elected official

To make up or form something; to establish officially

The fundamental laws governing a country; a person's physical makeup

Relating to or in accordance with a constitution; a walk taken for one's health

A noticeable difference between things (n.); to show or form a difference (v.)

Placed in opposition to highlight differences

Strikingly different when compared

Relating to or showing contrast, especially in linguistic comparison

Able to resist corrosion or rust

To incur a charge of; to require payment of a (specified) price; Amount of money, time, etc. that is required or used

The act of reducing spending or expenses

Priced at production cost plus a set profit margin

Involving shared payment of expenses

Expensive; involving great sacrifice or loss

Clothes worn to represent a character or period; to dress in costume

To preordain or set apart for a particular fate or purpose

The predetermined course of events; fate

Extremely poor; lacking basic necessities

The state of extreme poverty

The space between two points; emotional remoteness; to keep away from

Education conducted remotely without attending in person

Far away in space or time; emotionally reserved

From a distance; in a detached or reserved manner

The process of purifying liquid by evaporation and condensation; the purest essence of something

A person or device that distills, especially alcoholic spirits

A factory where alcoholic spirits are produced by distillation

Clearly marking something as different or special; characteristic

In a noticeably different or characteristic way

The quality of being noticeably different or unique

Clearly and unmistakably

The quality of being clear and sharply defined

Able to be recognized as different or distinct

Well-known and respected for great achievements; dignified in appearance

Having an appearance of dignity or high status

A rule applied more strictly to some than others

A shop selling medicines and general goods

Being in the beginning phase of a process

Designed to withstand earthquakes

A state of overwhelming joy or intense pleasure

Feeling overwhelming happiness or delight

In a way that expresses overwhelming joy

to set up something permanently; to prove something is true

The act of founding something; an organization or institution

A large area of land; all property owned by a person

to have real being; to be present or alive

Having had real being or presence

The state of being real or alive

Currently existing; having real being

Relating to existence or existentialism

Currently present and in existence

Still existing; not lost or destroyed

A device for putting out fires

Very far away in space or time

A farm together with its buildings and land

The definitive political or legal standing of a territory

Able to withstand fire

Relating to the first phase or level

Standing alone without external support

A place where vehicles are refueled

Showy behavior intended to impress others

A chance occurrence or coincidence

Able to withstand high temperatures without damage

A surgical instrument used to stop bleeding

Able to withstand herbicides

Having strong visual contrast between light and dark

Expensive; requiring a large amount of money

Having a high or prestigious rank

A farmhouse with surrounding land and buildings; to settle on such land

Tendency to change frequently; lack of consistency

Frequently changing; not reliable or faithful

Not clear or easy to perceive; vague or blurred

In a vague or unclear manner

Impossible to tell apart from something else

Conforming to accepted norms within an industry

Impossible to put out or suppress

Firm and persistent demand or emphasis

Firmly and persistently demanding; not easily ignored

In a persistent and forceful manner

To set up equipment or software for use; to place someone in an official position

The act of installing equipment; the installed system

Set up and ready for use; placed in position

A person or program that installs something

A regular partial payment; one episode of a serial

British spelling of installment; a regular partial payment or serial part

a specific case or example; to cite as an example

Urgency; the quality of being immediate

A very short moment; happening immediately; at once

Real-time online text communication between users

Giving a reading very quickly

Happening immediately with no delay

Happening immediately, without any delay

To represent with a specific example; to create a class instance

At once, without any delay

To install someone formally in a position

A person who deliberately provokes or incites others

To gradually introduce ideas or qualities into someone's mind

Gradual introduction of ideas; drop-by-drop introduction of liquid

Organizations or institutions promoting education or science

An established organization or long-standing social custom

Of or relating to an established institution or organization

Making something an established norm; placing someone in an institution

To make something an established practice; to place someone in an institution

Established as a norm; placed in or dependent on an institution

In a way relating to an institution

Established organizations, customs, or practices important to society

Lacking solidity or reality; not real or significant

A trainee gaining practical experience; to detain without trial

Covering a great distance; between places or people far apart

Having existed for a long time

Having existed for a long time

Inexpensive; available at a low price

Having a low rank or social standing

Costing less than an alternative

Having the least cost among all options

Relating to athletic races of intermediate distance

To interpret something incorrectly

A failure to understand correctly; a disagreement

Not correctly understood or appreciated

A street stall selling newspapers and magazines

Not conforming to accepted standards

The state of not existing

Not existing or not real

Not conforming to an established standard

Not very far away in space or time

Relatively close in space or time

In spite of; nevertheless; although

Something that blocks or hinders progress

Stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or course of action

Not visible to the audience; behind the scenes; in private

On or taking place on the visible part of a stage

Exceptionally good or excellent; still remaining to be paid or dealt with

In an exceptionally impressive manner

Existing before a particular time or event

To exist before something else

The condition of having existed before the current time or life

Existing before something else

The state of being present in a place; a commanding personal quality

To set in advance; a setting configured beforehand

To form anew; to restore food by adding liquid

Rebuilt or restored to a new form

To install again

To oppose or fight against; to withstand the force or effect of something

Opposition to something; a force that opposes motion or change

relaxation from activity; what remains; to stop and relax

a place where people pay to eat meals

Peaceful and relaxing; helping one to rest

Compensation for loss; return of something to its original state or owner

Impatient and uneasy; difficult to control

Unable to rest or stay still; uneasy and dissatisfied

Returning something to its original condition; return to power

Helping to restore health or strength; a substance that restores vitality

To bring back to a former condition; to return something to its owner

A public toilet room in a building

Able to resist decay or decomposition

The second phase of a process

Free from internal contradictions; logically consistent

Awareness and knowledge of one's own character; 自我理解，自知之明

Relating to travel over a short distance; 短途的

An orbiting spacecraft where astronauts live and work

The quality of being stable and resistant to change

Firmly fixed and unlikely to change; a building for keeping horses

In a stable and steady manner

A large venue with seating for spectators at sports events

a phase or step; a theater platform; to put on a performance

Designed to resist or repel stains

The way one stands; one's attitude or position on an issue

To stop the flow of blood or liquid; firm and loyal

to be upright on one's feet; a firm position; a support frame

A person who substitutes for another

A solo comedy performance on stage; honest and upright

a benchmark for quality; normal and widely accepted

The process of establishing official rules or benchmarks; 标准制定

Of the normal or officially established size; 标准尺寸的

Of the normal or officially established size; 标准尺寸的

To make things conform to a common standard or norm; 使标准化，使规范化

The process of making things conform to a common standard; 标准化，规范化

To make things conform to a common standard

Made uniform according to an established standard

Designed or operating according to established official standards; 基于标准的

One's status or reputation; remaining permanently in force

A particular point of view or perspective

A complete stop; a state where all progress has ceased

A grouped set of lines forming a unit within a poem

to declare; a condition; a nation or political unit

Officially selected or assigned by the government; 由国家任命的

Officially recognized or accredited by the government; 经国家认证的

Guided or planned by the government; 由国家主导的

Largely controlled or influenced by the government; 受国家支配的

Forced upon people by government authority; 由国家强制推行的

Initiated or driven primarily by the government; 由国家主导的

Officially authorized by a state or government

Administered or controlled by the government

Run directly by the government

Controlled by government regulations

Operated and managed by the government

Officially approved by the government

Receiving financial support from the government

A building where a state legislature meets

Grand and dignified in appearance or manner

Declares facts; plural of state (countries, regions, or conditions)

A skilled female leader in national or international politics

a stopping place for transport; a facility for a specific purpose

Not moving; fixed in place

Stopping or working places; assigns to a post

A numerical fact used in analysis; relating to statistics

Relating to statistics or numerical data analysis

According to or in terms of statistics

An expert in statistics; statistician

The science of collecting and analyzing numerical data

A person's height; reputation gained through achievement

Very concerned about social status

A formal written law passed by a legislature

to remain in a place; a period of time spent somewhere

Firm and stable; not shaking or changing; to make stable

A hard metal made from iron; to mentally prepare for something difficult

Having a framework made of steel

Extreme toughness or cold determination

A person or company that produces steel

Steel structural components of a construction

A worker employed in making or working with steel

not moving; calm; up to the present time; nevertheless

Still hot or currently very popular

A painting or artwork depicting inanimate objects

Currently alive

Retaining warmth; not yet cooled

Remaining young; not yet old

The state of being calm, quiet, and without movement

a shop; a supply kept for future use; to save or keep

A room for storing goods

The means of maintaining life at a basic level

A type of physical matter; the essential part of something

Below the required level of quality or standard

Large and important; real and solid

The quality of being real, solid, or significant

To a great or significant degree; essentially

To confirm or prove with evidence

Supported or proven by evidence

The act of proving something true with evidence

Having real importance or significance; a word functioning as a noun

In a meaningful or significant way

A replacement for someone or something; to use in place of another

Believing in or influenced by superstitions

In a superstitious manner

The process of organizing something into a system

To arrange something according to a clear system or plan

Organized according to a clear system

The third phase in a process

to grasp the meaning; to know how something works

Easy to comprehend; reasonable or excusable given the circumstances

For reasons that are easy to understand or sympathize with

Comprehension or insight; an informal agreement; sympathetically aware

In a way that shows empathy or comprehension

Fully comprehended; accepted without being explicitly stated

Social or political disorder and agitation

Not firm or steady; prone to sudden change

Not conforming to a standard

Not supported by evidence

To draw attention away from others; the rear of a stage

Honest and morally respectable

Able to withstand outdoor weather conditions; 耐风雨的，抗风化的

A government system providing broad social welfare to citizens; 福利国家

Able to withstand strong winds

To successfully resist or endure something

A powerful desktop computer or a designated work area